SARS: Modern Pandemic Episode Essay -- Disease, Disorders

Throughout the ages pandemic episodes have plagued mankind. Severe acute respiratory syndrome or SARS is an example of a modern pandemic that recently affected the world. The SARS pandemic challenged world health care organizations and governments on how to confront a modern day pandemic episode. This paper will explore the origin of SARS and the steps taken to contain and treat the pandemic episode. SARS emerged mid-November 2002 in southern China, in the province of Guangdong, but was not officially reported until February 2003 to the governmental health care organization of Guangdong (Ahmad, Krumkamp, & Reintjes, 2009). The first case of SARS outside of China that was reported was on March 3, 2003 in Vietnam, with more cases reported from Hong Kong, Canada, Singapore, and Taiwan shortly afterward (Ahmad, Krumkamp, & Reintjes, 2009). By mid-summer of 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) had been notified of 8437 cases worldwide, with 813 deaths (Zhong et al., 2003). The disease spread quickly from China to Europe, North America, and southeast Asia because of travel from where SARS first started. Patients that were infected by SARS were noted to have atypical pneumonia. They presented with high fevers and respiratory issues that quickly developed into pneumonia within a few days (Zhong et al., 2003). Through serological and nasopharyngeal aspirate testing, the coronavirus (CoV) was determined to be the cause of SARS (Zhong et al., 2003). It was also determined that the persons that were originally exposed to the virus had contact with animals, most likely to prepare food, at a produce market in the province of Guangdong (Zhong et al., 2003). The virus had started with the animals, crossed over to humans, and mutated. ... ...?. BMC Public Health, 91-8. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-81 N. S. Zhong, A. C., B. J. Zheng, A. C., Y. M. Li, A. C., L. L. M., A. C., Poon, Z., H. H., & ... Xu. (2003). Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet, 362(9393), 1353-1358. Timen, A. A., van Doornum, G. J., Schutten, M. M., Conyn-van Spaendonck, M. E., van der Meer, J. M., Osterhaus, A. E., & van Steenbergen, J. E. (2006). Public health implications of using various case definitions in The Netherlands during the worldwide SARS outbreak. Clinical Microbiology & Infection, 12(12), 1214-1220. World Health Organization (WHO). (2004, October). WHO guidelines for the global surveillance of SARS Updated recommendations, October 2004. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_CSR_ARO_2004_1.pdf

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Essay

The law of Habeas Corpus was created to permit the guilty to present their case in court and to be tried fairly. In today’s war on terror, the amount of such enemy combatants who were detained indefinitely without any trial has raised. The courts are split up on following the law by the letter or to practically change it according to the situation’s needs. I feel it’s necessary to follow these laws in the same context in which they were written, and the pragmatic approach leaves room for reckless changes. To deny an enemy combatant his or her day in court cannot be justified as taking the pragmatic approach in dealing with war criminals. This paper is an attempt to present the state of law today towards war criminals and the implications of denying the basic right of Habeas Corpus to suspected terrorists. Ever since the onset of civilization, arguments have routinely erupted between various members, families, factions, and groups within civilizations and between civilizations. In ancient times, arguments would be resolved by crude means, means not limited to the powerful person using brute force to show he was in the right. The stronger person would always have, say for example, the first right to food, to agricultural produce, cattle and to wealth etc. The weak wouldn’t dare pick an argument over the stronger person in fear for their life. But as civilizations grew and advanced over time, a code of ethics and laws began to form. Societies began to incorporate and adapt these laws in their daily functioning. Drawing inspiration from religion, past civilization practices and their mistakes, it was only natural that basic human rights were thought about and codified. The rights were guaranteed to all human beings, irrespective of who was physically stronger. The American Revolution has beyond doubt shaped the basic structure of human rights for the entire world to follow. Among many undeniable rights to citizens, the writ of Habeas Corpus was identified and established very early on in the Revolution. In Europe, the writ of Habeas Corpus was first traced to be used around the 12th and 13th centuries during the medieval period. Habeas Corpus translates from Latin to mean â€Å"you may have the body† or you may examine the body. It is essentially a writ that requires any person detained by law enforcers to be tried in a court of law and have his detention validated (Bbc. com, 2005). The writ doesn’t decide whether the accused is guilty or not, it merely stipulates that the accused be tried and detained if only found guilty of the crime being accused for. The US inherited this law from the English and codified it in the constitution in Article 1, section 9. The UN later incorporated it in their international human rights in 1952. The point of contention with the habeas corpus right is to whom it applies. The law stipulates that this right be never be suspended or denied except in cases of rebellion, invasion or when perceived as a threat to public safety. Surprisingly, this writ has been previously suspended twice in the past for seemingly similar reasons. President Lincoln suspended the writ in 1861 to prosecute the war prisoners captured during the American Civil war. His argument was that the confederates were a threat to the union and hence issued the order (Dueholm, 2008). This law was later restored after the war ended in 1866. President Bush in 2006 issued a similar suspension of the habeas corpus writ to detain enemy combatants captured in the global war against terror. It deemed these accused terrorists as a threat to national security and denied them the right to be presented and tried in court. This paper will focus on the consequences faced by the accused and the validity of enforcing such a suspension. Just suspending the writ wouldn’t seem very harmful when looked at by itself. But consider for a moment who the government arrests. American policy makers routinely count any military age males as enemy combatants. Drone strikes assume anyone in the vicinity of a drone strike of military age to be a enemy combatant first and then when sufficient intelligence is available to the contrary, they are posthumously declared civilians (Balko, 2012). In a likewise fashion, arrests were also made based on the very broad physical description of an age group, or depending on where they are and who they interact with, were picked up after being accused of terrorism. Next, consider the location of their detention. Accused terrorists were detained at prison, run by US military personnel backed by US administration; set up in a foreign land i. . Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The single reason for maintaining such an institution away from US soil was to escape the jurisdiction of laws that govern detainees which would apply if held on US soil. Laws of detention stipulate not only the kind of treatment but also the punishment meted out to convicted terrorists. The captors were free to torture their captives in any way they saw fit to gather any amount of relevant information, regardless of whether the person accused is an actual terrorist holding any real information to share. Terms such as enhanced interrogation techniques had to be invented to pass them as legal and humane methods in congress. Add to this polarized scenario, the suspension of the one single law that could serve as the difference between life and death of an innocent civilian – the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. The suspension took away with it the only chance an innocent civilian had to prove his innocence. In short, simply standing at the wrong place at the wrong time can get you to serve a lifetime of torture with not even a hint of a fair trial. Naturally, concern about the handling of such detainees grew and petitions filed by family and friends of detainees finally began to reach the courts. The Supreme Court finally in a landmark case of Boumediene v. Bush ruled against the suspension of habeas corpus for the detainees with a 5-4 majority. It declared that the suspension of the writ was indeed unconstitutional. Justice Kennedy who ruled with the majority supported his stand with examples from the history of the writ back in the 12th century and its recent applicability in territories outside the border of US but still falling in its control, such as Chanel Islands. His summary also compared the legality of this writ in Scotland, which is a sovereign nation and yet still under English laws. Once US jurisdiction was proved, Justice Scoter, Ginsburg and Bryer pointed out that it would have to be one that was based on the constitution or no jurisdiction at all. Justice Scalia argued that the habeas corpus law was in fact protected by the Detainee Treatment Act, and refuted the entire judicial intervention. He was supported by Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Alito and Thomas. The Justices did a fine job of evaluating the suspension of the writ. From establishing jurisdiction and what kind of jurisdiction, to an alternate mechanism to protect the habeas corpus in spirit, all avenues were thoroughly investigated. The courts also recognized the extremely difficult nature of assessing an individual in a warzone to be a combatant or a civilian in a foreign location. And yet, the writ cannot be suspended out of fear of failure in acquiring adequate proof against the detainee. Personally, I feel strongly that the writ of habeas corpus is a right so basic that it cannot be suspended in any scenario. The very least an accuser can do is to offer a fair trial to the accused. I feel that the President was wrong to remove the last ray of hope of an innocent civilian that might have been unfairly detained. The case also established the judicial soundness of our nation even at times of war, and the entire exercise in judiciary coming in between the functioning of Congress was an example to the world. Denying such a basic right makes us no different than the terrorists who accuse and punish others that broadly fit their own enemy description. Living as a part of a civilized nation for over 200 years, we owe it to ourselves to act in a dignified manner, even with our captives.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and History Essay

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and History Q. D. Leavis states that â€Å"perhaps the persecuting aspect of their way of life was peculiarly present to Hawthorne because of the witch-hanging judge and the Quaker-whipping Major among his ancestors† (30). This is a reference to one instance of historical allusion in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† This essay will explore a variety of historical incidences referred to in this short story. Clarice Swisher in â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography† states: William Hathorne was a colonial magistrate involved in the persecution of Quakers, another Protestant religious group. Hawthorne later described him as â€Å"grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and†¦show more content†¦And it was I that brought your father a pitch-pine knot, kindled at my own hearth, to set fire to an Indian village, in King Philips War. They were my good friends, both; and many a pleasant walk have we had along this path, and returned merrily after midnight. Notice the allusion to the historical episode from Hawthorne’s life mentioned by Leavis and Swisher above. In addition to the Quaker incident from the author’s past, there is also the tragedy of the witch-hanging judge in his past, also mentioned by Leavis and Swisher above. Wagenknecht states in Nathaniel Hawthorne that, of the three Salem women mentioned in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† two of these were hanged; all three were accused in 1692 (60). Wagenknecht continues: â€Å"When the devil speaks of his intimacy with Brown’s ancestors and of their cruelty toward Quakers and Indians, Hawthorne is clearly thinking of his own forbears† (60). Thus it is seen that the historicity of these short story episodes is well established. A proper, accurate interpretation of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† depends on the reader’s knowledge of an historical occurrence from June of 1692, when a group of important Boston clergymen issued a statement which declared that it was â€Å"an undoubted and notorious thing, that a demon may, by God’s permission, appear, even to ill purposes, in the shape of an innocent, yea, and a virtuous man† (60). The parallel to this historic declaration is found inShow MoreRelated Morality and Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesYoung Goodman Brown was published in 1835, when Nathaniel Hawthorne was 31 years old. Hawthorne was born and reared in Salem, Massachusetts, a village still permeated by its 17th century Puritanism. When he was four, Hawthornes father   died, and from that point on he was surrounded mostly by females: two sisters, a maiden aunt, and a retiring mother who was not close to her children. He had little contact with his deceased fathers family, but his maternal relatives were supportive and saw toRead MoreNathaniel Hawthornes Literature During Early America1560 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes literature exhibits the influence of many factors. Much of his literature addresses Puritan culture in early America, commonly focusing on the shortcomings and hypocrisies that became apparent during the numerous witch hunts. Many of his works are allegorical, using the Puritan setting to portray his own ideas about ancestry, history, and religion. While The Scarlet Letter and House of the Seven Gables are among Hawthornes most known works, he produced a large sum of workRead MoreThe Dichotomy of Self Reliance and Conformity1169 Words   |  5 Pagesin American history was dominated by an era of emotional and individualistic values of oneself, and a powerful sense of limitless possibilities. This was the Romanticism Period. An incredible number of miraculous masterpieces were contrived during t his period of enlightenment, including Nathaniel Hawthorne’s dramatically thematic and ambiguous short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, as well as Ralph Waldo Emerson’s intriguingly influential and uplifting essay, â€Å"Self-Reliance†. Hawthorne’s writing aspiresRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown from a Moral Standpoint1352 Words   |  6 PagesSalem witch trials. Shortly after this tragic finding, he wrote â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† a tale that is considered one of the greatest in American literature. Analyzing Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work from a moral perspective can help illuminate his short story: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Hawthorne was both prideful and embarrassed in the actions of his ancestors. According to Jacqueline Shoemaker, Hawthorne felt pride in seeing the history of his own family in Salem and their prominence and accomplishmentsRead MoreShort Story Analysis: Young Goodman Brown Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages History has known many a great author, but none more intriguing than Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne’s ability to weave stories through the use of complex language and early puritan society narratives has long been a topic of study amongst scholars and young adults, alike. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† explores the idea of good vs. evil and draws many parallels to the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is often debated whether man is born innately good or evil. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† it is possible toRead MoreAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Man s Fall 1438 Words   |  6 PagesCalvinistic, and ancient beliefs that form the basis of Hawthorne’s work (Hawthorne 392). Besides, the researcher notes that Hawthorne’s life is authentic although fictional. There is a psychological aspect of the story in that the man’s fall is unavoidable. The narration contains metaphoric and literal journey of the newlywed male character. However, he is making the treacherous journey with the devil himself therefore creating a spiritual crisis. Goodman Brown’s decision is ambiguous to his audience becauseRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown: The Evils of Puritanism Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesPuritanism dominated 17th century history and literature. Nathaniel Hawthorne born in 1804 was an American writer who sought to resolve his conflicts with Puritanism through hi s writing. Hawthorne wrote several stories showing the world the horrors of the Puritan faith and the isolation of individuals who failed to uphold the faith. For Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown illustrates the difference between Puritan teaching and practicing and reflects his own guilt about the mistreatment of men at theRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 PagesIn Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story of Young Goodman Brown, the author uses symbolism and allegories in order to showcase the Puritan faith as well as man’s conflict between good and evil. This analysis will breakdown the techniques that the author uses to critique the puritan society, and to show the difference between how people appear to be in society and the true colors that they are hidden inside of them. There has been a lot of great authors in our time, but none more interesting than NathanielRead More Ambiguity in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay1743 Words   |  7 PagesAmbiguity in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         There is no end to the ambiguity in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†; this essay hopes to explore this problem.    Peter Conn in â€Å"Finding a Voice in an New Nation† makes a statement regarding Hawthorne’s ambiguity:      Almost all of Hawthorne’s finest stories are remote in time or place. The glare of contemporary reality immobillized his imagination. He required shadows and half-light, and he sought a nervous equilibriumRead MoreAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Forest 1013 Words   |  5 Pages Another aspect of Hawthorne’s ancestors is that they were Puritans. The Puritan belief is finely interwoven in his story. According to Michael E. McCabe, â€Å"Puritan doctrine taught that all men are totally depraved and require constant self – examination to see that they are sinners and unworthy of God’s Grace† (1). Brown’s experience in the forest, is, in a sense, not a dream. Instead, Brown is looking deep into his soul in search of the inner evilness and whether he is worthy of â€Å"God’s Grace.† The

Advertisement Advertising And Consumerism - 1406 Words

In today’s society, there is a huge overlap between advertising and consumerism, which affects what people buy and where they buy it. Advertisements are put out for the sole purpose of persuading people to buy certain products. Advertising agencies do this by shaping â€Å"product images and brand-name identities† (Campbell Et Al. 322) to conform to the image a parent company wants the viewer to see. Advertisements are a valuable weapon because they create brand identity, which in turn determines the success of a product and, therefore, it’s company. There are many different mediums for advertisements; however, this essay focuses on billboards as the primary advertising medium. Roadside billboards help bolster the notion of common American ideologies through the use of photos and text. Consumerism has become a more universally accepted term since the turn of the 20th century and the advertising boom in the early 1960s. Consumerism is â€Å"the belief that goods give meaning to individuals and their roles in society† (Cross 1). When consumerism first became prevalent, it succeeded because it gave people a â€Å"sense of freedom† (Cross, 2). Before the start of mass production there were limited products out on the market for people to choose from; however, when the industrial revolution hit and mass production started many more products were introduced into the market. Before this, companies didn’t have to worry about differentiating their products and the customer wasn’tShow MoreRelatedThe Harmful Effects of Advertising on Society982 Words   |  4 Pagessociety many people see advertising as harmful in many different ways. With today’s society image is everything, and advertising uses this to their advantage. Advertising uses this as a way to make insecure people buy products they do not need. Many advertisements that are seen today on television, billboards, newspaper, and magazines are indeed harmful to our eyes and brain. Many of them make people feel like crap, that you dont have this car or that house or that body. Advertising is harmful to societyRead MoreHannah Hoch and James Rosenquist --Insiders and Outsiders of Consumerism and Gender 1551 Words   |  7 Pagesaccordingly the availability of consumer goods. And with the rise of the mass media, various products have been targeted on broad groups of consumers. Consumerism, which is propelled by a system of mass production and high levels of consumption, has been one of the themes in art works from twentieth century till now. In regard to consumerism and gender, I find two figures—Hannah Hoch and James Rosenquist--connected. Hoch once worked for a womens magazine of the huge Ullstein Press while RosenquistRead MoreAmerican Rock N Roll Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesin sales. As pop culture and consumerism started to set in place in the 1950s, visual appearance and style became tools for communication to others about yourself. This became evident in the visual appearance of automobiles with stylish features and symbols. The automobile became an instrument for egocentrism. Pre-consumerism designers believed that form should follow function and that fitness and utility was the first principle of good design while post-consumerism design emphasised the psychologicalRead Moreâ€Å"Disney Constructs Childhood so as to Make It Entirely Compatible with Consumerism1617 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Disney constructs childhood so as to make it entirely compatible with consumerism† (Smoodin c ited in Giroux, 2002; 105). Discuss this statement in relation to TWO animated films from the Disney canon. The Walt Disney Company is a diversified international entertainment company (Disney, 2010) with ownership of many media outlets including radio, cinema, television and literature as well as consumer products such as stationary and toys. The Disney brand has huge recognition globally especiallyRead MoreThe New Consumerism And Media Culture1418 Words   |  6 Pages The New Consumerism and Media Culture Professor Chyng- Feng Sun October 31, 2017 In Chapter 27, The New Politics of Consumption: Why Americans Want So Much More Than They Need, author Juliet Schor states consuming is authentic as it gets in the American culture and the standard of living has changed in relation to consumerism. Americans need to work longer hours in order to make money that they are then pressured to spend. Schor describes today s consumerism as the new consumerism. This canRead MoreDisadvantages Of Consumerism1154 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The study of consumerism in world history does not provide a definitive balance sheet on whether the long-term results are favorable or unfavorable. But it does provide perspective, allowing [a] greater understanding of what consumerism involves, and perspective...offers a greater capacity to choose...rather than being swept away by the latest enthusiasm† (Stearns, 159). Peter Stearns’ book â€Å"Consumerism In World History: The Global Transformation of Desire† offers an extensive perspective on theRead MoreThe Impact Of Consumerism939 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Dictionary.com, consumerism is defined as â€Å"the concept that an ever-expanding consumption of goods is advantageous to the economy.† Basically, this definition boils down to people getting more people to buy more products is a good thing. However, things aren’t always as they seem. In order to get people to be interested in your product, there is lots of advertisement invo lved and this of course costs money. Unfortunately, with lots of advertisements, they may not tell the whole truthRead MoreWhat Is The Value Of Graphic Design? Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the value of graphic design? Graphic Design’s role in advertising is arguably a controversial one in regards to the morality and principles that designers have to consider when generating work for companies and issues they find have questionable ideologies. To a certain extent, graphic designers have to take into consideration the ethical and moral implications any design brief may have and deliberate the monetary value against their own moral standards. Taking this into consideration, theRead MoreAdvertisements Influence Consumers1048 Words   |  5 Pages09/28/10 Advertisements Influence Consumers Nowadays, there are a lot of advertisements of various brands in television, magazines, newspaper, the Internet or on the streets. We are living in a world which advertisements appear in many kinds of methods twenty four hours a day. Advertisements often use different images to promote their products for obtaining more economic benefits; the advertisement also brings many bad influences to audiences as well. Because advertisements have a lotRead MorePositive And Negative Aspects Of Advertising1695 Words   |  7 Pages Advertising may be considered among the most quietly controversial subjects in our society, and is yet, ever so essential. There are both positive and negative aspects, and although that could be true for anything, advertising is unique in the sense that it requires a constant give and take from consumers. Furthermore, I have investigated certain technological benefits associated with advertising that improve effectiveness, and how advertising benefits consum ers. On the contrary, I have evaluated

Social Problems From Crime, Criminal Justice, And...

Social Problems from Crime, Criminal Justice, Juvenile Delinquency, Prison System, and Incarceration Billy Marquardt There are many different situations going on in the United States. What is going on in our country becomes a social issues that the whole country will have to deal with. Crime, criminal justice, juvenile delinquency, the prison system, and incarceration are all problems that are prevailing in our media. Flaws in the system, violence, and outbreaks are making people more aware of what is really going on around them. An uneasy feeling has started settling into American’s because of what is happening around them. Either media plays up situations misleading American’s, the people don’t like the truths that they are hearing, or a combination of both. It has started a cause and effect action. Something bad happens in our country and the people retaliate in peaceful or violent ways. People are starting to treat each other differently because of skin color, job titles, and gender. This is producing tension with every problematic occurrence. Crime in the United States from 2014 to 2013 has decreased. According the FBI’s page, the definition of â€Å"violent crime† is, composed of four offenses: murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Violent crimes are those offenses that involve force or threat of force. These crimes have decreased from a little over 1.250,000 to an estimated 1,165,383 nationwide.(Lowe)Show MoreRelatedCriminals Must Be Punished For Breaking The Laws Of The Land1489 Words   |  6 PagesCriminals need to be punished for breaking the laws of the land. However, the space in which we discipline those who do not respect the law is vanishing. So, what will we do with criminals once all our jails exceed their maximum capacity? Those who break the law pose a danger to our society which is why we developed the system of incarceration. Jails have functioned in our society to protect citizens, or those who obey the constitution. For years, our jails were able to separate criminals from obedientRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System1308 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system refers to the way in which a society chooses to handle all aspects of crime and punishment. In the Western world, particularly the United States, the criminal justice system is an official governmental system that focuses on crime and punishment, though some societies still incorporate a significant amount of informal social controls into their criminal justice systems. The criminal justice system covers everything from crime-prevention andRead MoreThe United States Incarceration System1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States incarceration system is a structural foundation of punishment in which is formed by robust authoritarian power. The United States criminal justice system is not an institution to be underestimated, as it represents the highest incarceration rate of all world nations at a staggering 700 inmates per 100 thousand citizens (Krisberg, 7). Based on the social and political structure of democracy in the United States, it is argued that incarceration systems should follow the same rootsRead MoreInjustices in the American Justice System Essay examples1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe Justice system seeks to prevent crimes and to capture those who have committed crimes. But what are the causes of crime, maybe poverty, or greed, or is sometimes caused by the system. Is the risk worth the reward and is reward the worth risking the punishment? Power and influence is threaded deeply into the Criminal Justice System. Are all offenders caught and processed with the same demeanor and given the same punishment? The system needs to be impartial to all offenders regardless of the offender’sRead MorePunishment vs Rehabilitation1661 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The expectations that our society has for the criminal justice system  is to punish and rehabilitate individuals who commit crime. Punishment and rehabilitation are also two of the four acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, with deterrence and incapacitation being the others. In the United States, punishment has always been the primary goal to achieve when dealing with individuals who commit acts of crime. Many theorists throughout history have argued which is moreRead MoreEssay on Cost of Incarceration1308 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is incarceration? Incarceration is the act of placing someone in prison. Incarceration serves as a punishment for criminals due to their actions against the law. It is a solution for keeping the public safe. Prisoners follow a strict rules and schedules while following the culture within the walls among other prisoners. As a result of their crimes, convicts lose their freedom and are place among others who suffer the same fate. Crime is the cause of this establishment, but what are the effectsRead MoreThe Major Punishment For Criminal Acts1526 Words   |  7 PagesBarnett November 3, 2015 In the last few centuries, jails have been utilized as the major punishment for criminal acts. Some of the common punishments used earlier include public humiliation, corporal punishment, and penal bondage. However, capital punishment along with banishment was used for severe offences. In the recent past, according to the statistics from the Department of Justice, an estimated 2338,000 individuals are in state prisons, more than 90,000 are in the federal prison, and moreRead MoreThe Factual United States Criminal Justice System1434 Words   |  6 Pages The Factual United States Criminal Justice System. Myths are stories telling a part of the world view of a society or give an explanation of a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon. It is a popular viewpoint, embodying the ideals and institutions of a society or segment of society. Although myths are regarded as fictional representations, they often reveal underlying ideals. Myths often tell us more about our social and cultural values than they do about any particularRead MoreThe Flaws of Incarceration in America Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pagesinmates, and its incarceration rate is growing exponentially. The expense generated by these overcrowded prisons cost the country a substantial amount of money every year. While people are incarcerated for a number of reasons, the country’s prisons are focused on punishment rather than reform, and the result is a misguided system that fails to rehabilitate criminals or discourage crime. The ineffectiveness of the United States’ criminal justice system is caused by mass inc arceration of non-violentRead MoreCritique Of Systematic Control Perspective Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesPerspective is stemming from a Rational Choice Theory in it’s believe that people make rational choices before their actions. It presents a view that all humans are prone to make intelligential, logical decisions and any false step therefore is subject to punishment. Our current criminal justice system was practically build on that notion. It was created to be convenient and straight-forward, disregarding factors that might have an impact on an individual to commit a crime. While SCP is presenting

British Parliamentary Free Essays

string(80) " the speeches given by each of the eight speakers listed in the previous table\." British parliamentary The British Parliamentary Debate Format Robert Trapp, Willamette University Yang Ge, Dalian Nationalities University A debate format consists of a description of the teams in the debate and the order and times for the speeches that make up that debate. The British Parliamentary debate format[1] differs from many other formats because it involves four teams rather than two. Two teams, called the â€Å"First Proposition† and the â€Å"Second Proposition† teams, are charged with the responsibility of supporting the proposition while two other teams, â€Å"First Opposition† and â€Å"Second Opposition,† are charged with opposing it. We will write a custom essay sample on British Parliamentary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two speakers represent each of the four teams and each speaker gives a speech of seven minutes. The following chart describes the basic format and time limits. As you will see from the chart, each speaker is given a unique title. British Parliamentary Debate Format Speaker |Time | |Prime Minister |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 1st proposition: | | |Leader of Opposition |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 1st opposition: | | |Deputy Prime Minister |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 1st proposition: | | |Deputy Leader of Opposition |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 1st opposition: | | |Member of Government |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 2nd proposition: | | |Member of Opposition |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 2nd opposition: | | |Government Whip |7 inutes | |2nd speaker for 2nd proposition: | | |Opposition Whip |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 2nd opposition: | | As can be seen from the table above, the first four speeches are delivered by the First Proposition and the First Opposition teams then the last four speeches are delivered by the Second Proposition and Second Opposition teams. Therefore, the First Proposition and First Opposition teams generally are responsible for the first half of the debate and the Second Proposition and Second Opposition teams have the responsibility for the second half. The table above describes all of the formal speeches but it does not describe one of the most important and dynamic parts of the debate: points of information. Points of information provide opportunities for members of each team to interact with members of the teams defending the opposite side of the motion[2]. Points of information can be requested after the first minute of a speech and prior to the last minute of the speech. The first and last minute of each speech is â€Å"protected† against interruption. The point of information can last no more than fifteen seconds and may take the form of a question, a statement, or an argument. Only a debater defending the opposite side of the proposition as the speaker can request a point of information. In other words, the debaters for the proposition can request points of information of members of the opposition teams and vice versa. To request a point of information, a debater rises and politely says something like â€Å"point of information please,† or â€Å"on that point. † The debater giving the speech has the authority to accept or to refuse the request for a point of information. In general, debaters should accept a minimum of two points during their speech so that the judges and the audience will know they are able to answer points quickly and directly. Accepting more than one or two points is not advisable because to do so may have the effect of disrupting the speech. To refuse a point of information, the debater may say something like â€Å"No thank you† or â€Å"not at this time,† or may simply use a hand gesture to indicate the person should take return to their seat. If the request for a point of information is accepted, the person who has requested the point has a maximum of fifteen seconds to make the point. As stated earlier, the point can be a question, a statement, or an argument. Sometimes points of information are made to force an opponent to clarify a position but more commonly, they are made to attempt to undermine an argument being made by the speaker. After accepting a point of information, the speaker should answer the question directly. The person offering the point of information is not allowed to follow-up with additional questions. Points of information are among the most important and most interesting parts of British Parliamentary debate because they introduce an element of spontaneity to the debate and give each debater the chance to demonstrate critical thinking skills. Although points of information are a common occurrence in every speech in the debate, each speech contains elements that are unique to that speech. The following table explains the basic responsibilities of each speaker in British Parliamentary debate. Following the table is a fuller explanation of the responsibilities of each speech. Speaker Responsibilities for British Parliamentary Debate Speaker |Speaker Responsibilities | |Prime Minister |Defines and interprets the motion | |1st speaker for 1st proposition: |Develops the case for the proposition | |Leader of Opposition |Accepts the definition of the motion | |1st speaker for 1st oppositi on: |Refutes the case of the 1st proposition | | |Constructs one or more arguments against the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the | | |motion. |Deputy Prime Minister |Refutes the case of the 1st opposition | |2nd speaker for 1st proposition: |Rebuilds the case of the 1st proposition | | |May add new arguments to the case of the 1st proposition | |Deputy Leader of Opposition 2nd speaker for 1st |Continues refutation of case of 1st proposition | |opposition: |Rebuilds arguments of the 1st opposition | | |May add new arguments to the case of the 1st opposition | |Member of Government |Defends the general direction and case of the 1st proposition | |1st speaker for 2nd proposition: |Continues refutation of 1st opposition team | | |Develops a new argument that is different from but consistent with the case of the | | |1st proposition (sometimes called an extension). | |Member of Opposition |Defends the general direction taken by the 1st opposition. |1st speaker for 2nd opposi tion: |Continues general refutation of 1st proposition case | | |Provides more specific refutation of 2nd opposition | | |Provides new opposition arguments | |Government Whip |Summarizes the entire debate from the point of view of the proposition, defending the| |2nd speaker for 2nd proposition: |general view point of both proposition teams with a special eye toward the case of | | |the 2nd proposition | | |Does not provide new arguments. |Opposition Whip |Summarizes the entire debate from the point of view of the opposition, defending the | |2nd speaker for 2nd opposition: |general view point of both opposition teams with a special eye toward the case of the| | |2nd opposition | | |Does not provide new arguments. | The following sections briefly describe the speeches given by each of the eight speakers listed in the previous table. You read "British Parliamentary" in category "Papers" These are very brief descriptions that will be expanded in later chapters. Prime Minister The deb ate begins with a seven-minute speech by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister has two basic responsibilities: to define and interpret the motion and to develop the case for the proposition. The first of these responsibilities is to define and interpret the motion for debate. The definition and interpretation is particularly important because it sets the stage for the entire debate. Remember, the Prime Minster has the right to define the motion and the responsibility to do so in a reasonable fashion. Therefore, if the Prime Minister’s interpretation is a poor one, the likely result will be a poor debate. In order to properly define and interpret the proposition, the Prime Minster should do the following: 1)Define any ambiguous terms in the proposition. )Show how these definitions are reasonable ones. 3)Outline a model that will be used by all teams in advancing the debate. More will be said about these three points in Chapter 5 on constructing a case for the proposition. The second responsibility of the Prime Minister is to construct a case for the proposition. Simply stated, a â€Å"case† consists of one or more arguments supporting the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. Therefore, the Prime Minister will outline the arguments supporting the interpretation and begin to develop each of those arguments. The Prime Minister need not present all of the arguments for the First Proposition team. In many cases, the Prime Minister will state that the First Proposition team will have a certain number of arguments and that some will be presented in this speech and the Deputy Prime Minister will present the rest. Leader of the Opposition The Leader of the Opposition has three primary responsibilities: to accept the definition and interpretation of the proposition, to refute part or all of the Prime Minister’s case, and to present one or more arguments in opposition to the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. First, in most ordinary situations, the Leader of the Opposition should explicitly accept the definition and interpretation of the motion as presented by the Prime Minister. In extraordinary cases, when the definition is completely unreasonable as to preclude meaningful debate, the Leader of the Opposition has the right to reject the definition. The problem with rejecting the definition is that such an action will ultimately lead to a very bad debate and the First Opposition team likely will get the blame. Therefore, even in the event of an unreasonable definition, the Leader of the Opposition should point out to the judge and the audience that the definition and interpretation presented by the Prime Minister is unreasonable and then should go ahead and accept the definition for the purposes of the current debate. Second, the Leader of the Opposition should refute part or all of the Prime Minister’s arguments for the motion. Because of the limits of time, the Leader of Opposition cannot reasonably expect to refute all of the Prime Minister’s arguments. The proper goal is to select and refute the most important arguments presented by the Prime Minister. Finally, the Leader of the Opposition should present one, two, or three arguments directed against the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. These arguments are different from those arguments offered in refutation. They should consist of the most persuasive reasons that the Leader of the Opposition can present to convince the audience to reject the proposition. Deputy Prime Minister The Deputy Prime Minister has three primary obligations: to defend the case presented by the Prime Minister, to refute any independent arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition, and to add one or more arguments to the case presented by the Prime Minister. First, the Deputy Prime Minister defends the case presented by the Prime Minister by engaging any refutation presented against the case by the Leader of the Opposition. This task needs to be accomplished in a very systematic fashion. The Deputy should take up the Prime Minister’s argument one by one and defend each argument against any refutation by the Leader of the Opposition. Thus, at the end of this section of the Deputy’s speech, the audience should see that the case originally presented by the Prime Minister still stands as strongly as it did when initially presented. Second, the Deputy Prime Minister should refute any of the independent argument presented by the Leader of the Opposition. Like the Leader of Opposition, the Deputy should not try to refute all arguments, just the most important ones. Finally, the Deputy Prime Minster should add one or two arguments to the case presented by the Prime Minister. The reasons for adding new arguments in this speech are two-fold: First, the Prime Minister may not have had adequate time to develop all of the arguments that the First Proposition team wishes to present and second, presenting these additional arguments gives the judges and audience a way to judge the ability of the Deputy Prime Minister with respect to the ability to construct arguments. Deputy Leader of the Opposition The duties of the Deputy Leader of the Opposition are similar to those of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Leader should 1) defend the refutation offered by the Leader of Opposition, 2) defend the arguments offered by the Leader of the Opposition, and 3) add one or more new arguments to those being offered by the First Proposition team. First, the Deputy Leader should defend the refutation offered by the Leader of the Opposition. The Deputy Prime Minister will have engaged the refutation presented by the Leader of Opposition. At this time, the Deputy Leader needs to show that the original refutation is still sound. Second, the Deputy Leader should defend the arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition. The task of the Deputy Leader is to make sure that these arguments still stand firm in the mind of the judges and audience. To do so, the Deputy leader needs to consider each argument one by one, engage any refutation offered by the Deputy Prime Minister, and therefore rebuild each argument. Third, the Deputy Leader should present one or more arguments against the proposition. These arguments can be similar to those arguments raised by the Leader of the Opposition, yet they should be new ones to give the judges and audience the ability to judge the Deputy Leader’s argument construction skills. Member of Government The Member of Government initiates the second half of the debate. The Member of Government needs to defend the general direction taken by the First Proposition team but needs to offer a new perspective from the Second Proposition team. In other words, the Member of Government needs to defend the thesis of the First Proposition team while doing so for different reasons. The obligations of the Member of Government can be summarized as follows: 1) Defend the general perspective of the First Proposition team, 2) Continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition team, 3) Develop one or more new arguments that are different from but consistent with the case offered by the First Proposition team. The first responsibility of the Member of the Government is to defend the general direction of the debate as started by the First Proposition team. In so doing, the Member of Government demonstrates a sense of loyalty to the other debaters defending the proposition. This part of the Member’s speech is important but need not be time consuming. One or two minutes devoted to this aspect of the speech will probably be sufficient. Second, the Member of Government should continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition team. The Member of Government should not use the same refutation as provided by debaters of the First Proposition team, but should introduce new points of refutation unique to the Second Government team. To the extent possible, the refutation should focus on the arguments presented by the Deputy Leader of the Proposition. Finally, the Member of Government should develop one or more arguments that are different from but consistent with the arguments offered by the Prime Minister. These new arguments sometimes are referred to as an â€Å"extension. † This extension is one of the most important elements of the Member of Government’s case as it provides an opportunity to distinguish the Second Proposition team from the First Proposition while simultaneously remaining consistent with their overall approach. Member of Opposition The Member of Opposition begins the second half of the debate for the Opposition side. Like the Second Proposition team, the goal of the Second Opposition team is to remain consistent with the First Opposition team while presenting a unique perspective of their own. To accomplish this goal, the Member of Opposition needs to fulfill three obligations: 1) Defend the general direction taken by the First Opposition team, 2) Continue the refutation of the case as presented by the First Proposition, 3) Provide more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government, and 4) Present one or more new arguments that are consistent with, yet different from, those presented by the First Opposition team. First, the Member of Opposition should defend the general perspective taken by the First Opposition team. This need not be a time-consuming enterprise, but the Member of Opposition should make clear that the Second Opposition team is being loyal to the arguments of the First Opposition team. Second, the Member of Opposition should briefly continue the refutation of the case presented by the First Proposition team. Again, this continued refutation should be brief and should involve new points of refutation not yet considered by members of the First Opposition team. Third, the Member of Opposition should present more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government. Refutation of the Member of Government’s arguments is an important task because these are completely new arguments supporting the proposition side and have not yet been joined by the opposition side. Finally, the Member of Opposition should present an extension—an argument consistent with, yet different from that presented by the First Opposition team. Like the Government’s extension, this is an important responsibility of the Member of Opposition because it allows the Second Opposition team to show its loyalty to the First Opposition team while clearly differentiating themselves form the First Opposition. Government Whip The whip speakers for both teams have the responsibility to close the debate for their respective sides. The Government Whip should accomplish three goals: 1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, 2) Defend the extension offered by the Member of Government, and 3) Summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition side. The first responsibility of the Government Whip is to refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition. This extension has yet to be discussed by the Proposition team and doing so is an important responsibility of the Government Whip. Second, the Government Whip should defend the extension offered by the Member of Government. The Member of Government’s extension is a very important party of the Second Government’s case and in all likelihood has been refuted by the Member of Opposition. Therefore, defending this extension is an important responsibility of the Government Whip. The final, and perhaps most important responsibility of the Government Whip is to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition side. The summary may be accomplished in a number of ways. One of the most effective ways is to identify the most crucial issues in the debate and discuss how each side has dealt with each. The summary should, of course, be made from their side’s perspective while being and appearing to be fair-minded. Similarly, the summary should be fair to the First Proposition team but should focus on the arguments pursued by the Second Proposition team. Opposition Whip The responsibilities of the Opposition Whip are almost identical to those of the Government Whip except they are accomplished from the perspective of the Opposition side rather than from the Proposition side. Again, the Opposition Whip should 1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Government, 2) Defend the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, and 3) Summarize the debate from the perspective of the Opposition side. The details of this speech are exactly like those of the previous speech except that they focus on the Opposition side of the debate rather than the Proposition side. Once again, the primary goal of this speech is to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Opposition side, particularly from the point of view of the Second Opposition team. This summary should fairly support the Opposition side of the debate while focusing on the accomplishments of the Second Opposition team. Summary This then is the basic format of British Parliamentary debating: four teams of two persons each engage one another through a series of seven-minute speeches interspersed by points of information. The teams from each side attempt to maintain loyalty with one another while simultaneously demonstrating the unique qualities of their own arguments. Much has been introduced here that was not fully developed. Later chapters will further explore issues only mentioned here, issues such as case construction, opposition arguments, points of information, refutation and many others. ———————– [1] British Parliamentary debate sometimes is referred to as Worlds-style debate or simply four-team debate. [2] The topic for the debate is called the motion, proposition, resolution, or sometimes just the debate topic. All of these words are used interchangeably. How to cite British Parliamentary, Papers

Understanding Business And Management Research

Question: Describe about the Understanding Business And Management Research? Answer: Introduction Research methodical approaches are different for the different organization. Inter-organizational collaborations have become an important part of the organizational strategy and to counter with faster business dynamics and risk of uncertainties. The present conditions in the global market have opened the way for using different methodical approaches for analyzing market problems. Research methods include tools like collecting data then filtering them to find the appropriate ones. After that, the correct data are taken from analysis and vague data are trashed out. Different analytical tools and statistical packages are used for derivation and analysis. These techniques help to define the data and derive the full proof analysis of the problems. Research methods are there to make the analysis process more modernize. Modern approaches are helping to define the problems by more practical formulas and statistical packages. Using of graphical representation, diagram, and chart assists in ad ding more dimension to the approach. Statistical packages like SPSS, SAS, advanced Excel, STATA, and R are used to make the analysis more viable and trustworthy. These modern systems have enabled more pathways to interrogate problem cases (Larson-Hall 2015). Literature review of research methodologies 1) First Method (Quantitative) The methods and procedures maintain some rules and regulations in the analysis process. These processes are mainly maintained less plagiarism, procedures to minimize grammatical errors. However, these rules change year after year, but one should be aware when amending the task. The specific aims of methodical analysis are to provide a balanced with on the topic of research. It should be able to provide critical analysis of the research information. A good knowledge of theory and practical are needed for better analysis. The topics related with debate, and general arguments should be discussed in a way that it would reflect in the literature. For masters level project works relevant research method and techniques should be used. The material delivered should be analyzed through qualitative and quantitative methods. The understanding of research reports and the information is needed to improve the quality of the analysis (Liamputtong 2013). Quantitative tools are of enormous importance and instrumental in applying existing management and business theory. Practical problems should be countered by using more data from various authentic sources to make it more trustworthy. The theoretical and practically oriented research adds critical understanding to the body of work of the management task. The methods also include some social activities to promote further awareness to the problem topic. Study and module programs are there to help in further study on the topic of research. The learning outcome must include following models. A proper development of understanding is required for research design. The study should be done in an appropriate manner. Evaluate and justify systemically analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data. Ranges of tools are used to collect information. These instruments are recording, interviewing, reading, collecting data, communication, etc. Skills are also needed to analyze individual problems (Finley 2014). Interpersonal skills: These include skills like readiness to accept responsibility, employee flexibility, openness, etc. Team working: Skills like respecting others, giving proper support to colleagues, contributing to teamwork are included in Team working. Written Skills: Literature knowledge and writing skill are of enormous help in delegating research related tasks. IT Skills: Computer knowledge, knowledge about information technology, familiarity with word processing, spreadsheet, and file management skills is important. Experience in the work environment: Work experience is needed as employees with experience can handle critical tasks more easily than a newcomer. Fresh candidates also need skill enhancement classes, technical support, and skill training sessions to make them aware of the system (Zhu 2014). Numerical Skills: Mathematical knowledge, knowledge about statistics and numerical problem solving in practical contexts are needed to better reinvestment of delivering results. Presentation skills: Ability to deliver the result, approaching clients about their views, co Business awareness: Analyzing facts and situations and applying appropriate solution to counter the problem is needed. A general awareness of the marketplace and the challenges help to minimize problems. There are certain objectives in defining different methodologies used to define problem situations (Pickard 2012). Identify and describe important philosophies that help to analyze business problems and management issues. Outline comparative strengths and weaknesses of the main research methods Evaluate, derive and interpret qualitative data Understand and apply correct statistical packages to perform detailed analysis on quantitative data Present further research-oriented works to help future researchers to understand the depth of the subject matter Critical thinking is needed in verbal and literal form Mainly statisticians to amend any type of analysis use quantitative Methods. They use different statistical packages like STATA, R, SPSS and SAS for analysis. These techniques are perfect for evaluating any problem analysis. The quantitative methods have helped the companies to identify their problems by numerical stats. 2) Second Method (Qualitative) Basic Research Applied Research The purpose is to expand knowledge, using universal principles, relating principles with current problem topic. Significant finding and value analysis in respect to society is also needed. In applied research improved understanding of particular business, related problems are needed. Another key purpose is to look out for result-oriented solutions. Knowledge limited to problems may affect in finding the accurate result, so vast knowledge on the various subject is helpful. Research objective should be to relate the problems in relevance with management and organization. The context of basic research is to undertake result based on people concept. Choice of topic and relevancy of problem should be determined by the researcher. A flexible time scale is also an important aspect in this context. In applied research, the research program is undertaken by people based on the variety of setting included in organization and management. The originator should understand the context of the task. Specific time scales are needed to find in this context. There are four types of research problems can be found. These can be reporting, descriptive, explanatory and predictive. Good research is that where the research has distinguished the set of problems accurately and has clearly defined the symptoms and problems. In a pure research, it is wise to separate clearly the dilemma of research and address the research problem appropriately. The researcher should provide a complete research proposal (Chang-Richards et al. 2012). The research design should be thoroughly done without any mistake. The explanation should be done accordingly to help the audience to understand the construction of problem sample. Sampling methodology and proper data collection are two best procedures to access any difficult problem. There might be some limitations in the analysis, but those need to be told frankly. Frankness shows that the result of the research is trustworthy, and customers can use the result to evaluate the problems. The high ethical standard shoul d be maintained to protect any dissolution in the problem statement of the case. Safeguards are needed to be in place to protect the research results. Some participants, key findings, appropriate clients and validity of the organization should be looked after carefully so that no unethical things arrive. The studys methodology and limitation area should reflect the thought process of the researcher and researcher should give an insight of his thinking in the research paper. It can help the students and readers to see the depth of the problem (Hibbert et al. 2014). Ethics should be there to restrain and concern about the accuracy of the result. An adequate analysis is needed for decision makers to sufficiently analyze the collections of the study. Qualitative methods are mainly theory oriented and specific formulas are followed in analysis purpose. Qualitative methods are concerned about the quality of the analysis. It solely follows to maintain the guidelines when amending the task. The results from the analysis might not be the perfect outcome but it can guaranty about the quality of the task. Third Method (Qualitative + Quantitative) Finding presented unambiguously in the words, tables and graphs. Findings should be logically interpreted. It should logically facilitate research program, and the decision should be taken after mangers evaluation. The conclusion should justify the matched details. Another thing is that researcher should provide own experience and credentials with the report. In research, related topic referencing should be present. Referencing is needed to justify the credential and viability of the findings. It creates a trust factor in the mind of the readers. To assess any problem researcher should use journal articles, books and authentic website sources to help in analyzing the complexity of the problem (Gacula Jr 2013). Theoretical knowledge It is developed by systematic reflection Research knowledge It is manufactured through systematic investigation Practical knowledge It can be developed though taking actions Tools for thinking 1. Concepts 2. Metaphors 3. Models 4. Theories 5. Ideologies 6. Perspectives 7. Assumptions Primary Research tools Secondary research tools Tertiary research tools Reports Theses Conference Emails Company reports Some government journals Unpublished manuscript Journals Books Newspapers Government publications Index Databases Dictionary Bibliography Encyclopedia Catalogues A good review method includes, Explanation Literature should mention and discuss the related problem statements It mentions theoretical ideas and gives further explanations It summarizes previous studies and investigates the current problem statement. Comparison It analyzes previous studies It discusses theoretical ideas mentioned in the pretext of earlier studies Evaluation It demonstrates how the current study fits with previous studies, and it also shows new contributions This process is a mixed procedure followed by the analytic teams for proper analysis. The mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods has been proved as the best method to counter any specific problem. The problem statement analysis and amending the task is a dual responsibility for the statisticians. They are now approaching the task in a mixed manner to enhance the result better than pervious times. Analysis Assumptions Positivism Interpretivism Reality Tangible Socially constructed Research goal Explaining Understanding Knowledge generated General, average and representative Relative meaning Subject research relationship Rigid separation Interactive Focus Average Specific Desired information Should have a particular problem Problems they confront with Method Content analysis Interviews Research design should be made after revaluing these things, Investigate the research problem Attempt to explore the study Explore the objectives Obtain the information Outline procedures for every research activity Guiding the selection of sources Verifying research question The research design is all about, the kind of answers the study is looking for. What techniques have been used. The sampling procedure that is being used, time, and constraints are there to deal with. The design can be classified into four sectors. These are descriptive study and predictive study, cross-selection studies and longitudinal studies (Sderlund et al. 2011). It can further classify into two topical areas; these are statistical studies and case studies. The environmental selection has three perspectives. These are field conditions, laboratory conditions, and simulations (Creswell 2013). Evaluation To evaluate the techniques, there are methods like, Qualitative techniques Elite interviews Primary data Secondary data Surveys Telephonic survey Personal survey Electronic survey Web-based survey Postal survey Focus groups Composition of groups Quality outcomes Two-stage design Exploration Explanation In-depth interviews With students or clients Observation Observing various results and data Descriptive study To answer and to provide accurate account of current state of affairs The main steps in quantitative research Theory Hypotheses Research design Derived measures of concepts Selecting sites for research Selecting respondents Collect data Process data Analyze data Findings Write up findings Findings Concepts are as follows, Building blocks of theory Labels that give elements to social world Categories Useful concepts are, To provide an explanation of a certain aspect of the social world Standing for things, we want to explain Basis for measuring changes and variations To improve response rates to mail questionnaire Good covering letter Mailing Clear instructions Start questions with welcome word Introductory sentence Greetings Open questions Monetary incentives Personalized covering of letter Statistical graphs like histogram, polygon, ogive and pie charts are used for graphical representation. Statistical formulas like Mean, population mean, sample mean, variability, ANOVAs, Range, Variance and central tendency are used for the analysis process. Statistical tools like SPSS are used in this area. IBM has acquired the use of SPSS. It has terms like nominal, Cardinal and scale. Coding is used for each variable to assign numbers. EDA is used to explain and examine descriptive statistics and frequency distribution (De Vaus 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded that use of various methods has helped to analyze any problem more efficiently than previous times. In modern times, many statistical packages have been derived to help the analysis more productive. It has highlighted the importance of using the benefits to good effect. These tools have been precious for keeping the trust factors in the mind of readers and students. Data collection techniques have been a key instrument to collect accurate data from reliable sources to further track down the importance of the problem topic. 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Zhu, J., 2014.Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking: data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets(Vol. 213). Springer. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J. and Griffin, M., 2012.Business research methods. Cengage Learning.